这是一篇美国的密码学相关期末作业代写
1.) Find a primitive root mod p = Prime[r], where r is four digits from the middle of your M-number not starting with zero. You may use the FactorInteger[]command to factor p − 1. (Do not use online lists, primitive root calculators,etc. Do the verifying calculations yourself.)
2.) What do we mean when we say a problem is computationally hard? Be rigorous about its complexity compared to the number of bits in the input.
Why are such problems important to modern cryptography?
3.) Suppose you want to randomly assign secret keys to a population, and even you do not store them, so you cannot guarantee nonduplication. (A reason for this might be that logging assigned keys could be compared to the time at which people requested keys.) How large should your space of potential keys be to have about a 1% chance of collision if x billion keys are to be assigned, where x is the fifirst two nonzero digits of your M-number?4.) Alice and Bob will decide an important matter by coin flflip, so they agree to use the protocol of Section 13.1. Set it up as follows: let Alice choose primes p and q which are given by Mathematica’s Prime[] command, using the first three nonzero digits of your M-number, and the last three. Both of these should be 3 mod 4; if they are not, increment each choice until you fifind primes that are 3 mod 4. The random integer x that Bob chooses is the last 4 digits of your M-number. Alice then calculates the square roots of y and takes the lowest of the four mod n to send to Bob.
Who won? Show your work.
5.) Alice and Bob are using the coin-flflipping protocol above, but Eve is executing an intruder-in-the-middle attack and is impersonating each to the other. It would be useful for Eve if they both think they won, at least for a while. (It would create some disorganization and strife between the two.)
a.) Can Eve achieve this if she chooses her role (i.e. she chooses primes, or she offers the y) in each flip? How?
b.) Alice and Bob both have access to a trusted X.509 authority where they have high assurance certifificates on fifile. Describe a signature procedure that would allow them to use this protocol while preventing Eve’s attack. Explain in enough detail to show how Eve is prevented from modifying or falsifying the relevant identifying information. You do not need to explain the workings of the cryptosystem used to sign things.
6.) What part of the SET protocol prevents an intruder from intercepting the transaction data and sending a false request to the bank for a nonexistent order from the Cardholder? Be detailed about why the necessary information is inaccessible.
7.) Suppose that in a long transmission, large blocks of data are occasionally interspersed with hashes of the preceding portion. Use the properties of a good hash function to explain why this is useful for detecting errors in transmission.
8.) Here is how “bad randomness” can cause a weakness in a zero-knowledge identifification scheme. Suppose there are 8 pieces of secret information for a licit user, {s1, . . . , s8}, and Eve knows the method of random number generation that V uses.
a.) If this is all she knows, what is her chance of passing a single test? What is her chance of passing 10 tests in a row?
b.) Suppose that Eve can manipulate the seed, perhaps by timing her requests or choosing her x carefully, so that she can reliably guess B in 1/4 of trials and thereby pass. What is her chance of passing 10 tests in a row? (Equivalently, about how many tests should she expect to have to run to get a hit?)9.) One use of classical cryptography principles in the 20th century was the use of codetalkers, Native Americans who transmitted verbal messages in their own language rather than English. A Navajo speaker would spell out some terms letter by letter using Navajo words, with several possibilities for a letter: “s” for instance might be “dibeh,” sheep, or “klesh,” snake. Many military terms were given special equivalents, such as artillery, “be-al-doh-tso-lani,” meaning “many big guns.” Common words were replaced by the Navajo language, such as before, “bih-tse-dih,” or after, “bi-kha-di,” and the grammatical structure of the English sentence would be replaced with Navajo grammar.
How did this system protect communications from decryption? Discuss the protection it offffers against ciphertext only analysis, and against known plaintext analysis. (Both contexts are required for full credit on the question.) Assume the following:
